Humanized antibodies against c-kit

ABSTRACT

The invention provides antibodies specifically binding to c-Kit and methods of using such antibodies in stem cell replacement and treatment of cancer.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 16/694,975, filed Nov. 25, 2019, which claims the benefit ofU.S. Provisional Application No. 62/771,526 filed Nov. 26, 2018, each ofwhich is incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

REFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING

The present application includes sequences in txt file 553278SEQLST.TXT,of 31,507 bytes, created Dec. 16, 2020, which is incorporated byreference.

BACKGROUND

c-Kit (CD117) is a receptor tyrosine kinase type III, which binds tostem cell factor (SCF), a substance that causes certain types of cellsto grow, also known as “steel factor” or “c-Kit ligand.” When thisreceptor binds to stem cell factor, it forms a dimer that activates itsintrinsic tyrosine kinase activity, which in turn phosphorylates andactivates signal transduction molecules that propagate the signal in thecell. C-Kit is a cell surface marker used to identify certain types ofHSPCs in the bone marrow. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), multipotentprogenitors (MPP), and common myeloid progenitors (CMP) express highlevels of c-Kit. It has been proposed that antibodies against c-Kit canbe used to ablate endogenous cells in stem cell replacement therapy(WO2016033201, WO2008067115).

SUMMARY OF THE CLAIMED INVENTION

The invention provides an antibody specifically binding to human c-Kitcomprising a mature heavy variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3as defined by Kabat of SEQ ID NOS:2-4 respectively, and a mature lightchain variable region comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3 as defined by Kabatof SEQ ID NOS:6-8 respectively except that 1, 2, or 3 CDR residuesubstitutions is/are present selected from N to A at heavy chainposition 60, K to Q at heavy chain position 64 and N to Q at light chainposition 30, positions being numbered according to Kabat.

Optionally, CDRs H1, H2 and H3 as defined by Kabat are SEQ ID NOS:2-4respectively, and CDRs L1, L2 and L3 as defined by Kabat are SEQ IDNOS:6-8 respectively except that the substitutions of K to Q at heavychain position 64 and N to Q at light chain position 30 are present.

Optionally, CDRs H1, H2 and H3 as defined by Kabat are SEQ ID NOS:2-4respectively, and CDRs L1, L2 and L3 as defined by Kabat are SEQ IDNOS:6-8 respectively except that the substitutions of N to A at heavychain position 60, K to Q at heavy chain position 64 and N to Q at lightchain position 30 are present.

Optionally, the mature heavy chain variable region shows at least 85,90, 95, 98, or 99%% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:13, 17 or 21 (AH2,AH3 or AH4) and the mature light chain variable region shows at least85, 90, 95, 98, 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:53 (NL2) provided anyvariation from the indicated SEQ ID NOS. is outside the CDRs.

Optionally, heavy chain position 1 by Kabat numbering is E. Optionally,the following positions of the mature light chain variable region areoccupied by amino acids as follows: Position 9 occupied by L, Position12 occupied by P, Position 14 occupied by T, Position 15 occupied by P,Position 18 occupied by P, Position 20 occupied by S, Position 22occupied by S, Position 37 occupied by L, Position 43 occupied by S,Position 45 occupied by Q Position 74 occupied by K, Position 77occupied by R, Position 78 occupied by V, Position 79 occupied by E,Position 84 occupied by G. Optionally, the mature heavy chain variableregion has a sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 13, 17 or 21 except thatposition 1 can be E, and the mature light chain variable region has asequence of SEQ ID NO:53. Optionally, the mature heavy chain variableregion is linked to a heavy chain constant region and the mature lightchain variable region is linked to a mature light chain constant region.Optionally, the heavy chain constant region is human IgG1. Optionally,the antibody has enhanced binding to human c-Kit relative to AMG191.Optionally, the antibody has enhanced ADCP relative to AMG191-IgG1.Optionally, the antibody has enhanced ADCC relative to AMG191-IgG1.

The invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprisingan antibody as described above and a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier.

The invention further provides a method of ablating endogenous HSPCscomprising administering an effective regime of an antibody as describedabove to a subject in need of ablation.

The invention further provides a method of treating a cancer expressingc-Kit comprising administering an effective regime of an antibody to asubject having the cancer.

Definitions

Monoclonal antibodies or other biological entities are typicallyprovided in isolated form. This means that an antibody or otherbiologically entity is typically at least 50% w/w pure of interferingproteins and other contaminants arising from its production orpurification but does not exclude the possibility that the monoclonalantibody is combined with an excess of pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier(s) or other vehicle intended to facilitate its use. Sometimesmonoclonal antibodies are at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or 99% w/wpure of interfering proteins and contaminants from production orpurification. Often an isolated monoclonal antibody or other biologicalentity is the predominant macromolecular species remaining after itspurification.

Specific binding is detectably higher in magnitude and distinguishablefrom non-specific binding occurring to at least one unrelated target.Specific binding can be the result of formation of bonds betweenparticular functional groups or particular spatial fit (e.g., lock andkey type) whereas nonspecific binding is usually the result of van derWaals forces. Specific binding does not however necessarily imply thatan antibody binds one and only one target. Antibodies of the inventiontypically specifically bind to c-Kit with an affinity of at least 10⁸,10⁹, 10¹⁰, 10¹¹ or 10¹² M⁻¹.

The basic antibody structural unit is a tetramer of subunits. Eachtetramer includes two identical pairs of polypeptide chains, each pairhaving one “light” (about 25 kDa) and one “heavy” chain (about 50-70kDa). The amino-terminal portion of each chain includes a variableregion of about 100 to 110 or more amino acids primarily responsible forantigen recognition. This variable region is initially expressed linkedto a cleavable signal peptide. The variable region without the signalpeptide is sometimes referred to as a mature variable region. Thus, forexample, a light chain mature variable region means a light chainvariable region without the light chain signal peptide. Thecarboxy-terminal portion of each chain defines a constant regionprimarily responsible for effector function.

Light chains are classified as either kappa or lambda. Heavy chains areclassified as gamma, mu, alpha, delta, or epsilon, and define theantibody's isotype as IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE, respectively. Withinlight and heavy chains, the variable and constant regions are joined bya “J” region of about 12 or more amino acids, with the heavy chain alsoincluding a “D” region of about 10 or more amino acids. See generally,Fundamental Immunology, Paul, W., ed., 2nd ed. Raven Press, N.Y., 1989,Ch. 7 (incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes).

An immunoglobulin light or heavy chain variable region (also referred toherein as a “light chain variable domain” (“VL domain”) or “heavy chainvariable domain” (“VH domain”), respectively) consists of a “framework”region interrupted by three “complementarity determining regions” or“CDRs.” The framework regions serve to align the CDRs for specificbinding to an epitope of an antigen. The CDRs include the amino acidresidues of an antibody that are primarily responsible for antigenbinding. From amino-terminus to carboxyl-terminus, both VL and VHdomains comprise the following framework (FR) and CDR regions: FR1,CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, and FR4. CDRs 1, 2, and 3 of a VL domain arealso referred to herein, respectively, as CDR-L1, CDR-L2, and CDR-L3;CDRs 1, 2, and 3 of a VH domain are also referred to herein,respectively, as CDR-H1, CDR-H2, and CDR-H3.

The assignment of amino acids to each VL and VH domain is in accordancewith any conventional definition of CDRs. Conventional definitionsinclude, the Kabat definition (Kabat, Sequences of Proteins ofImmunological Interest (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.,1987 and 1991), the Chothia definition (Chothia & Lesk, J. Mol. Biol.196:901-917, 1987; Chothia et al., Nature 342:878-883, 1989); acomposite of Chothia Kabat CDR in which CDR-H1 is a composite of Chothiaand Kabat CDRs; the AbM definition used by Oxford Molecular's antibodymodelling software; and, the contact definition of Martin et al. (worldwide web bioinfo.org.uk/abs). Kabat provides a widely used numberingconvention (Kabat numbering) in which corresponding residues betweendifferent heavy chains or between different light chains are assignedthe same number. Unless otherwise specified numbering of positionswithin the variable regions of antibodies is Kabat numbering. When anantibody is said to comprise CDRs by a certain definition of CDRs (e.g.,Kabat) that definition specifies the minimum number of CDR residuespresent in the antibody (i.e., the Kabat CDRs). It does not exclude thatother residues falling within another conventional CDR definition butoutside the specified definition are also present. For example, anantibody comprising CDRs defined by Kabat includes among otherpossibilities, an antibody in which the CDRs contain Kabat CDR residuesand no other CDR residues, and an antibody in which CDR H1 is acomposite Chothia-Kabat CDR H1 and other CDRs contain Kabat CDR residuesand no additional CDR residues based on other definitions.

The term “antibody” includes intact antibodies and binding fragmentsthereof. Typically, fragments compete with the intact antibody fromwhich they were derived for specific binding to the target includingseparate heavy chains, light chains Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, F(ab)c, Dabs,nanobodies, and Fv. Fragments can be produced by recombinant DNAtechniques, or by enzymatic or chemical separation of intactimmunoglobulins. The term “antibody” also includes a bispecific antibodyand/or a humanized antibody. A bispecific or bifunctional antibody is anartificial hybrid antibody having two different heavy/light chain pairsand two different binding sites (see, e.g., Songsivilai and Lachmann,Clin. Exp. Immunol., 79:315-321 (1990); Kostelny et al., J. Immunol.,148:1547-53 (1992)).

Exemplary bispecific antibodies can also be: (1) a dual-variable-domainantibody (DVD-Ig), where each light chain and heavy chain contains twovariable domains in tandem through a short peptide linkage (Wu et al.,Generation and Characterization of a Dual Variable Domain Immunoglobulin(DVD-Ig™) Molecule, In: Antibody Engineering, Springer Berlin Heidelberg(2010)); (2) a Tandab, which is a fusion of two single chain diabodiesresulting in a tetravalent bispecific antibody that has two bindingsites for each of the target antigens; (3) a flexibody, which is acombination of scFvs with a diabody resulting in a multivalent molecule;(4) a so-called “dock and lock” molecule, based on the “dimerization anddocking domain” in Protein Kinase A, which, when applied to Fabs, canyield a trivalent bispecific binding protein consisting of two identicalFab fragments linked to a different Fab fragment; or (5) a so-calledScorpion molecule, comprising, e.g., two scFvs fused to both termini ofa human Fc-region. Examples of platforms useful for preparing bispecificantibodies include BiTE (Micromet), DART (MacroGenics), Fcab and Mab2(F-star), Fc-engineered IgGI (Xencor) or DuoBody (based on Fab armexchange, Genmab).

The term “epitope” refers to a site on an antigen to which an antibodybinds. An epitope can be formed from contiguous amino acids ornoncontiguous amino acids juxtaposed by tertiary folding of one or moreproteins. Epitopes formed from contiguous amino acids (also known aslinear epitopes) are typically retained on exposure to denaturingsolvents whereas epitopes formed by tertiary folding (also known asconformational epitopes) are typically lost on treatment with denaturingsolvents. An epitope typically includes at least 3, and more usually, atleast 5 or 8-10 amino acids in a unique spatial conformation. Methods ofdetermining spatial conformation of epitopes include, for example, x-raycrystallography and 2-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. See, e.g.,Epitope Mapping Protocols, in Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol. 66,Glenn E. Morris, Ed. (1996).

Competition between antibodies is determined by an assay in which anantibody under test inhibits specific binding of a reference antibody toa common antigen (see, e.g., Junghans et al., Cancer Res. 50:1495,1990). A test antibody competes with a reference antibody if an excessof a test antibody (e.g., at least 2×, 5×, 10×, 20× or 100×) inhibitsbinding of the reference antibody by at least 50% as measured in acompetitive binding assay. Some test antibodies inhibit binding of thereference antibody by at least 75%, 90% or 99%. Antibodies identified bycompetition assay (competing antibodies) include antibodies binding tothe same epitope as the reference antibody and antibodies binding to anadjacent epitope sufficiently proximal to the epitope bound by thereference antibody for steric hindrance to occur.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means that the carrier, diluent,excipient, or auxiliary is compatible with the other ingredients of theformulation and not substantially deleterious to the recipient thereofand/or that such carrier diluent, excipient or auxiliary is approved orapprovable by the FDA for inclusion in a pharmaceutical composition forparenteral administration to humans.

The term “subject” includes human and other mammalian subjects thatreceive either prophylactic or therapeutic treatment.

For purposes of classifying amino acids substitutions as conservative ornonconservative, amino acids are grouped as follows: Group I(hydrophobic side chains): met, ala, val, leu, ile; Group II (neutralhydrophilic side chains): cys, ser, thr; Group III (acidic side chains):asp, glu; Group IV (basic side chains): asn, gln, his, lys, arg; Group V(residues influencing chain orientation): gly, pro; and Group VI(aromatic side chains): trp, tyr, phe. Conservative substitutionsinvolve substitutions between amino acids in the same class.Non-conservative substitutions constitute exchanging a member of one ofthese classes for a member of another.

Percentage sequence identities are determined with antibody sequencesmaximally aligned by the Kabat numbering convention. After alignment, ifa subject antibody region (e.g., the entire mature variable region of aheavy or light chain) is being compared with the same region of areference antibody, the percentage sequence identity between the subjectand reference antibody regions is the number of positions occupied bythe same amino acid in both the subject and reference antibody regiondivided by the total number of aligned positions of the two regions,with gaps not counted, multiplied by 100 to convert to percentage.

Compositions or methods “comprising” or “including” one or more recitedelements may include other elements not specifically recited. Forexample, a composition that “comprises” or “includes” an antibody maycontain the antibody alone or in combination with other ingredients.

Designation of a range of values includes all integers within ordefining the range, and all subranges defined by integers within therange.

Unless otherwise apparent from the context, the term “about” encompassesinsubstantial variations, such as values within a standard margin oferror of measurement (e.g., SEM) of a stated value.

Statistical significance means p<0.05.

A humanized antibody is a genetically engineered antibody in which CDRsfrom a non-human “donor” antibody are grafted into human “acceptor”antibody sequences (see, e.g., Queen, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,530,101 and5,585,089; Winter, U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,539; Carter, U.S. Pat. No.6,407,213; Adair, U.S. Pat. No. 5,859,205; and Foote, U.S. Pat. No.6,881,557). The acceptor antibody sequences can be, for example, amature human antibody sequence, a composite of such sequences, aconsensus sequence of human antibody sequences, or a germline regionsequence. Thus, a humanized antibody is an antibody having CDRs entirelyor substantially from a donor antibody and variable region frameworksequences and constant regions, if present, entirely or substantiallyfrom human antibody sequences. A CDR in a humanized antibody issubstantially from a corresponding CDR in a non-human antibody when atleast 85%, 90%, 95% or 100% of corresponding residues (as defined byKabat) are identical between the respective CDRs. The variable regionframework sequences of an antibody chain or the constant region of anantibody chain are substantially from a human variable region frameworksequence or human constant region respectively when at least 85%, 90%,95% or 100% of corresponding residues defined by Kabat are identical toa human acceptor sequence.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIGS. 1A and 1B show the mature heavy and light chain variable regionsof the mouse anti-c-Kit antibody produced by a hybridoma deposited asHB-10716.

FIGS. 2A and 2B show mature heavy and light chain variable regions offive humanized heavy chain mature variable regions of the presentinvention and two humanized light chain mature variable regions comparedwith mouse and human acceptor sequences. The variable region frameworksof the humanized sequences are the same as those of AMG191 but the CDRsare different.

FIG. 2C compares binding of AMG191 with variants thereof having CDRsubstitutions. All of the CDR substituted variants showed enhancedbinding.

FIG. 2D compares binding of AMG191 with variants having other CDRssubstitutions. These variants showed reduced binding.

FIGS. 3A and 3B provide the sequence of six humanized heavy chain maturevariable regions and three humanized light chain mature variable regionscompared with AMG191, mouse sequences and human acceptor sequences. Inthese humanized chains, the variable region frameworks differ from thosein the AMG191 antibody. Some of the humanized chain also differ in theCDRs.

FIG. 3C compares binding of AMG191 to a humanized antibody with the sameCDRs but different variable region frameworks (arising from use ofdifferent human acceptor sequences). The antibody with the newframeworks (NF) has higher affinity.

FIG. 3D compares binding of AMG191 to additional humanized variantsbased on the new frameworks and also having CDR substitutions relativeto AMG191. All three of the variant antibodies had higher affinity.

FIG. 4 compares binding of AMG191 to three humanized antibodiesdiffering from AMG191 by the presence of CDR substitutions and adifferent light chain variable region framework (the heavy chainvariable region framework being the same). All three of the variantantibodies had higher affinity.

FIG. 5 compares phagocytic activity of AMG191, a variant of AMG191having a wildtype IgG1 constant region with, five new humanizedantibodies of the present invention. The new variants particularly HF12and NF112 showed increased phagocytosis particularly at the lowerconcentrations tested.

FIG. 6 compares ADCC activity of AMG191 with two new humanized variantsHF112 and HF12 and an isotype matched irrelevant control. HF112 and HF12had more ADCC activity.

FIG. 7 shows inhibition of SCF-induced HSPC proliferation by HF12 andHF112 compared with AMG191, AMG191-human IgG1 and a negative control.

FIG. 8 compares mast cell degranulation of anti-c-Kit antibodiescompared with positive controls A23187 and IgE+anti-IgE.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEQUENCES

SEQ ID NOS:1-4 are the mature heavy variable region and CDRs-H1, H2 andH3 of the antibody of HB-10716.

SEQ ID NOS:5-8 are the mature light chain variable region and CDRs-L1,L2 and L3 of the antibody of HB-10716.

SEQ ID NOS:9-12 are the mature heavy chain variable region and CDRs-H1,H2 and H3 of the humanized heavy chain AH1.

SEQ ID NOS:13-16 are the mature heavy chain variable region and CDRs-H1,H2 and H3 of the humanized heavy chain AH2.

SEQ ID NOS:17-20 are the mature heavy chain variable region and CDRs-H1,H2 and H3 of the humanized heavy chain AH3.

SEQ ID NOS:21-24 are the mature heavy chain variable region and CDRs-H1,H2 and H3 of the humanized heavy chain AH4.

SEQ ID NOS:25-28 are the mature heavy chain variable region and CDRs-H1,H2 and H3 of the humanized heavy chain AH5.

SEQ ID NO:29 is the mature heavy chain variable region of AMG191.

SEQ ID NO:30 is a variable region sequence of IGHV1-46*01.

SEQ ID NOS:31-34 are the mature light chain variable region and CDRs-L1,L2 and L3 of the humanized light chain variable region AL1.

SEQ ID NOS:35-38 are the mature light chain variable region and CDRs-L1,L2 and L3 of the humanized light chain AL2.

SEQ ID NO:39 is the mature light chain variable region of AMG191.

SEQ ID NOS:40-43 are the variable region sequence and three CDRs-L1, L2and L3, of IGKV4-1*01.

SEQ ID NOS:44-50 are the mature heavy chain variable region of humanizedheavy chains NH, NH1, NH2, NH3, NH4 and NH5 and IGHV3-23*01.

SEQ ID NOS:51-54 are the mature light chain variable regions ofhumanized light chains NL, NL1, NL2, and IGKV2-28*01.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION I. General

The invention provides antibodies specifically binding to human c-Kit(Swiss Prot P10721). The antibodies represent humanized forms of thepreviously disclosed mouse anti-c-Kit antibody produced by the hybridomadeposited as HB-10716, which has mature heavy and light chain variableregions of SEQ ID NOS:1 and 5 respectively. This mouse antibody haspreviously been humanized as AMG191 (see U.S. Pat. No. 7,915,391). TheKabat CDRs of AMG191 are the same as the mouse antibody from which itwas derived. AMG191 is commercially available from Creative Biolabs.

The present antibodies have CDRs substantially from the mouse antibodydeposited as HB-10716 engrafted into human acceptor sequences,optionally with substitutions at certain positions as further describedbelow.

Some antibodies comprise a mature heavy variable region comprising CDRsH1, H2 and H3 of SEQ ID NO:1, and a mature light chain variable regioncomprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3 of SEQ ID NO:5 provided that at least oneCDR residue substitution is present. CDRs H1, H2 and H3 preferablycomprise SEQ ID NOS:2-4 respectively and CDRs L1, L2 and L3 preferablycomprise SEQ ID NOS:6-8 (i.e., as defined by Kabat) provided that atleast one CDR substitution is present. The CDR substitution ispreferably selected from N to A at heavy chain position 60, K to Q atheavy chain position 64 and N to Q at light chain position 30, positionsbeing numbered according to Kabat. One, two or all three of thesesubstitutions can be present. Some antibodies include the substitutionsat heavy chain position 64 and light chain position 30. Some antibodiesinclude the substitutions at heavy chain position 60, heavy chainposition 64 and light chain position 30. Some antibodies include thesubstitutions at heavy chain position 60 and light chain position 30.Some antibodies included the substitutions at heavy chain position 60and heavy chain position 64. Some antibodies have no substitutions ofthe Kabat CDRs except the substitutions at heavy chain positions 60 and64 and light chain position 30 individually or in the listedcombinations. If any other substitutions of the Kabat CDRs are present,it is preferred no more than 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, such other substitutionsare present.

Some of the present antibodies differ from AMG191 by the presence of atleast one substitution of a CDR residue relative to the residue presentat AMG191. Preferred substitutions are N to A at heavy chain position60, K to Q at heavy chain position 64 and N to Q at a light chainposition 30, positions being numbered according to Kabat. One, two orall three of these substitutions can be present. Some antibodies includethe substitutions at heavy chain position 64 and light chain position30. Some antibodies include the substitutions at heavy chain position60, heavy chain position 64 and light chain position 30. Some antibodiesinclude the substitutions at heavy chain position 60 and light chainposition 30. Some antibodies included the substitutions at heavy chainposition 60 and heavy chain position 64. Some antibodies have nosubstitutions relative to the Kabat CDRs of AMG191 except thesubstitutions at heavy chain positions 60 and 64 and light chainposition 30 individually or in the listed combinations. If any othersubstitutions of the Kabat CDRs are present, it is preferred no morethan 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, such other substitutions are present

The CDRs substitutions at heavy chain positions 60 and 64 and lightchain position 30 individually and in combination can confer increasedbinding affinity for human c-Kit. The substitutions also representreplacement of a mouse residue with a human germline residue for aposition thus other things being equal increasing the human character ofthe humanized antibody. Table 1 below compares the residues occupyingheavy chain positions 60 and 64 and light chain position 30 in the mouseantibody deposited as HB-10716, AMG191 and three of the presenthumanized antibodies:

TABLE 1 Residue HB-10716 AMG191 HF11 HF12 HF112 H60 N N A N A H64 K K KQ Q L30 N N Q Q Q

Additionally or alternatively, some of the present humanized antibodiesdiffer from those of AMG191 by the presence of different variable regionframework sequences. AMG191 was derived by grafting mouse CDR sequencesinto the germline frameworks of IGHV1-46*01 IGKV4-1*01 for the heavy andlight chains respectively. The present disclosure provides for graftingCDRs into a heavy chain variable region framework of IGH3-23*01 and alight chain variable region framework of IGKV2-28*01. It has been foundthat these frameworks confer a higher binding affinity than those ofAMG191. Some preferred antibodies of the invention include a heavy chainvariable region framework based on IGHV1-46*01 incorporating the sameback mutations as in the heavy chain variable region of AMG191 and alight chain variable region framework based on IGKV2-28*01. Such acombination of frameworks combines advantages of improved affinityrelative to AMG191 with improved expression over antibodies with acombination of a heavy chain variable region framework of IGH3-23*01 anda light chain variable region framework of IGKV2-28*01.

Thus, some preferred antibodies of the invention have a mature heavychain variable region having a sequence of any of the chains designatedSEQ ID NOS:13, 17 or 21 corresponding to AH2, AH3, and AH4 and a maturelight chain variable region having a sequence of SEQ ID NO:53corresponding to NL2. The heavy chain variable region sequences differfrom one another by having CDR substitutions at heavy chain position 60only, heavy chains position 64 only, or heavy chain positions 60 and 64,all by Kabat numbering. Other than the CDR substitutions, the heavychain variable region sequences are the same as the mature heavy chainvariable region of AMG191. The heavy chain sequences of SEQ ID NOS:13,17 and 21 include variable region framework substitutions (i.e., humanacceptor residue to mouse donor) at Kabat positions 71 (R to A), 73 (Tto K) and 78 (V to A). There is an additional substitution at position69 of M to I.

The mature light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO:53 has a CDRsubstitution at position 30. The mature light chain variable region ofSEQ ID NO:53 also differs from the mature light chain variable region ofAMG191 in several positions in the variable region framework as followsdue to the different acceptor selections:

Position 9 occupied by LPosition 12 occupied by PPosition 14 occupied by TPosition 15 occupied by PPosition 18 occupied by PPosition 20 occupied by SPosition 22 occupied by SPosition 37 occupied by LPosition 43 occupied by SPosition 45 occupied by QPosition 74 occupied by KPosition 77 occupied by RPosition 78 occupied by VPosition 79 occupied by EPosition 84 occupied by G.

The mature light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO:53 does not containany back mutations of the variable region framework to mouse residuesfrom human germline.

The invention also provides antibodies having heavy and light chainvariable regions representing variants of exemplified sequences. Forexample, the invention includes antibodies having a mature heavy chainvariable region having at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 98 or 99% identity to anyof SEQ ID NOS:13, 17 or 21 and a mature light chain variable regionhaving at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to SEQ IDNO:53. Any variation from the designated sequences is preferably outsidethe CDRs as defined by Kabat. Variation is also preferably not atvariable region framework positions subject of back mutations in theindicated sequences (positions 71, 73 and 78 by Kabat numbering). Insome antibodies, any substitution is not at heavy chain position 69 byKabat numbering. In some antibodies, variation is at variable regionframework position(s) other than those at which SEQ ID NO:53 differsfrom the mature light chain variable region of AMG191. In otherantibodies, variation is at variable region framework position(s) atwhich SEQ ID NO:53 differs from the mature light chain variable regionof AMG191, optionally in combination with other position(s) in thevariable region frameworks. In some antibodies, at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 of the variable region frameworkresidues at which SEQ ID NO:53 differs from the mature light chainvariable region framework of AMG191 is retained. In some antibodies,variation is by way of conservative substitution(s). In some antibodies,the Q at position 1 of the heavy chain can be replaced by an E reducingpotential for pyroglutamate conversion (Liu, et al., 2011, J. Biol.Chem., 286: 11211-11217). Glutamic acid (E) conversion to pyroglutamate(pE) occurs more slowly than from glutamine (Q). Because of the loss ofa primary amine in the glutamine to pE conversion, antibodies becomemore acidic. Incomplete conversion produces heterogeneity in theantibody that can be observed as multiple peaks using charge-basedanalytical methods. Heterogeneity differences may indicate a lack ofprocess control.

Antibodies can be tested for binding affinity to human c-Kit, ADCP, ADCCand inhibition of SCF-induced HSPC proliferation using the assaysprovided in the examples. Antibodies can also be screened in animalmodels, such as described in WO2016033201. Preferred antibodies of theinvention have enhanced binding affinity to human c-Kit, enhanced ADCPand/or enhanced ADCC and/or enhanced inhibition of SCF-induced HSPCproliferation measured using such assays over AMG191 or a human IgG1form thereof. Preferred antibodies also inhibit binding of human-c-Kitto its ligand human stem cell factor.

The invention also provides a means for enhanced binding to human c-Kitand/or ADCP and/or ADCC against cells expressing human c-Kit comparedwith AMG191 or a human IgG1 form thereof, wherein enhancement ismeasured as in the present Examples. Exemplary means are antibodieshaving a mature heavy chain variable region of any of SEQ ID NOS:13, 17or 21 and a mature light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO:53 with ahuman IgG1 heavy chain constant region and human kappa light chainconstant region. Substitutions relative to AMG191 within the CDRs of Nto A at heavy chain position 60, K to Q at heavy chain position 64and/or N to Q at a light chain position 30 contribute to the enhancedproperties of the exemplary means. Such means can be incorporated in apharmaceutical composition with a pharmaceutically active carrier.

Antibodies may or may not be subject to posttranslational modification,such as glycosylation, depending on conditions of expression orselection of constant region among other factors.

II. Selection of Constant Region

The heavy and light chain variable regions described above can be linkedto at least a portion of a human constant region. The choice of constantregion depends, in part, whether antibody-dependent cell-mediatedcytotoxicity, antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis and/or complementdependent cytotoxicity are desired. For example, human isotypes IgG1 andIgG3 have complement-dependent cytotoxicity and human isotypes IgG2 andIgG4 do not. Human IgG1 and IgG3 also induce stronger cell mediatedeffector functions than human IgG2 and IgG4. Human IgG1 is preferred forthe present antibodies. Light chain constant regions can be lambda orkappa.

One or several amino acids at the amino or carboxy terminus of the lightand/or heavy chain, such as the C-terminal lysine of the heavy chain,may be missing or derivatized in a proportion or all of the molecules.Substitutions can be made in the constant regions to reduce or increaseeffector function such as complement-mediated cytotoxicity or ADCC orremove a glycosylation site (see, e.g., Winter et al., U.S. Pat. No.5,624,821; Tso et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,834,597; and Lazar et al., Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:4005, 2006), or to prolong half-life in humans(see, e.g., Hinton et al., J. Biol. Chem. 279:6213, 2004). Exemplarysubstitutions include a Gln at position 250 and/or a Leu at position 428(EU numbering is used in this paragraph for the constant region) forincreasing the half-life of an antibody. M252Y/S254T/T256E also increasehalf-life as does N434A or S, T250Q, and V3089P Substitution at any orall of positions 234, 235, 236 and/or 237 reduce affinity for Fcγreceptors, particularly FcγRI receptor (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No.6,624,821). Any of the following substitutions increase effectorfunction: F243L/R292P/Y300L/V305I/P396L, F243L/R292P/Y300L/V305I/P396L,S239D/I332E, S239D/I332E/A330L, S298A/E333A/K334A, S239D/I332E,S239D/I332E/A330L, and S298A/E333A/K334A.

Human constant regions show allotypic variation and isoallotypicvariation between different individuals, that is, the constant regionscan differ in different individuals at one or more polymorphicpositions. Isoallotypes differ from allotypes in that sera recognizingan isoallotype bind to a non-polymorphic region of a one or more otherisotypes.

III. Expression of Recombinant Antibodies

Humanized antibodies are typically produced by recombinant expression.Recombinant polynucleotide constructs typically include an expressioncontrol sequence operably linked to the coding sequences of antibodychains, including naturally associated or heterologous expressioncontrol elements, such as a promoter. The expression control sequencescan be promoter systems in vectors capable of transforming ortransfecting eukaryotic or prokaryotic host cells. Once the vector hasbeen incorporated into the appropriate host, the host is maintainedunder conditions suitable for high level expression of the nucleotidesequences and the collection and purification of the crossreactingantibodies.

These expression vectors are typically replicable in the host organismseither as episomes or as an integral part of the host chromosomal DNA.Commonly, expression vectors contain selection markers, e.g., ampicillinresistance or hygromycin resistance, to permit detection of those cellstransformed with the desired DNA sequences.

E. coli is one prokaryotic host useful for expressing antibodies,particularly antibody fragments. Microbes, such as yeast, are alsouseful for expression. Saccharomyces is a yeast host with suitablevectors having expression control sequences, an origin of replication,termination sequences, and the like as desired. Typical promotersinclude 3-phosphoglycerate kinase and other glycolytic enzymes.Inducible yeast promoters include, among others, promoters from alcoholdehydrogenase, isocytochrome C, and enzymes responsible for maltose andgalactose utilization.

Mammalian cells can be used for expressing nucleotide segments encodingimmunoglobulins or fragments thereof. See Winnacker, From Genes toClones, (VCH Publishers, N Y, 1987). A number of suitable host celllines capable of secreting intact heterologous proteins have beendeveloped, and include CHO cell lines, various COS cell lines, HeLacells, HEK293 cells, L cells, and non-antibody-producing myelomasincluding Sp2/0 and NSO. The cells can be nonhuman. Expression vectorsfor these cells can include expression control sequences, such as anorigin of replication, a promoter, an enhancer (Queen et al., Immunol.Rev. 89:49 (1986)), and necessary processing information sites, such asribosome binding sites, RNA splice sites, polyadenylation sites, andtranscriptional terminator sequences. Expression control sequences caninclude promoters derived from endogenous genes, cytomegalovirus, SV40,adenovirus, bovine papillomavirus, and the like. See Co et al., J.Immunol. 148:1149 (1992).

Alternatively, antibody coding sequences can be incorporated intransgenes for introduction into the genome of a transgenic animal andsubsequent expression in the milk of the transgenic animal (see, e.g.,U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,741,957; 5,304,489; and 5,849,992). Suitable transgenesinclude coding sequences for light and/or heavy chains operably linkedwith a promoter and enhancer from a mammary gland specific gene, such ascasein or beta lactoglobulin.

The vectors containing the DNA segments of interest can be transferredinto the host cell by methods depending on the type of cellular host.For example, calcium chloride transfection is commonly utilized forprokaryotic cells, whereas calcium phosphate treatment, electroporation,lipofection, biolistics, or viral-based transfection can be used forother cellular hosts. Other methods used to transform mammalian cellsinclude the use of polybrene, protoplast fusion, liposomes,electroporation, and microinjection. For production of transgenicanimals, transgenes can be microinjected into fertilized oocytes or canbe incorporated into the genome of embryonic stem cells, and the nucleiof such cells transferred into enucleated oocytes.

Having introduced vector(s) encoding antibody heavy and light chainsinto cell culture, cell pools can be screened for growth productivityand product quality in serum-free media. Top-producing cell pools canthen be subjected of FACS-based single-cell cloning to generatemonoclonal lines. Specific productivities above 50 pg or 100 pg per cellper day, which correspond to product titers of greater than 7.5 g/Lculture, can be used. Antibodies produced by single cell clones can alsobe tested for turbidity, filtration properties, PAGE, IEF, UV scan,HP-SEC, carbohydrate-oligosaccharide mapping, mass spectrometry, andbinding assay, such as ELISA or Biacore. A selected clone can then bebanked in multiple vials and stored frozen for subsequent use.

Once expressed, antibodies can be purified according to standardprocedures of the art, including protein A capture, HPLC purification,column chromatography, gel electrophoresis and the like (see generally,Scopes, Protein Purification (Springer-Verlag, NY, 1982)).

Methodology for commercial production of antibodies can be employed,including codon optimization, selection of promoters, selection oftranscription elements, selection of terminators, serum-free single cellcloning, cell banking, use of selection markers for amplification ofcopy number, CHO terminator, or improvement of protein titers (see,e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,786,464; 6,114,148; 6,063,598; 7,569,339;WO2004/050884; WO2008/012142; WO2008/012142; WO2005/019442;WO2008/107388; WO2009/027471; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,888,809).

IV. Nucleic Acids

The invention further provides nucleic acids encoding any of the heavyand light chains described above. Optionally, such nucleic acids furtherencode a signal peptide and can be expressed with the signal peptidelinked to the constant region Coding sequences of nucleic acids can beoperably linked with regulatory sequences to ensure expression of thecoding sequences, such as a promoter, enhancer, ribosome binding site,transcription termination signal, and the like. The nucleic acidsencoding heavy and light chains can occur in isolated form or can becloned into one or more vectors. The nucleic acids can be synthesizedby, for example, solid state synthesis or PCR of overlappingoligonucleotides. Nucleic acids encoding heavy and light chains can bejoined as one contiguous nucleic acid, e.g., within an expressionvector, or can be separate, e.g., each cloned into its own expressionvector.

V. Conjugated Antibodies

The antibodies of the present invention can be conjugated to cytotoxicor cytostatic moieties to provide an addition mechanism of cytotoxicity.

Some such antibodies can be modified to act as immunotoxins. See, e.g.,U.S. Pat. No. 5,194,594. For example, ricin, a cellular toxin derivedfrom plants, can be coupled to antibodies by using the bifunctionalreagents S-acetylmercaptosuccinic anhydride for the antibody andsuccinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate for ricin. See Pietersz etal., Cancer Res. 48(16):4469-4476 (1998). The coupling results in lossof B-chain binding activity of ricin, while impairing neither the toxicpotential of the A-chain of ricin nor the activity of the antibody.Similarly, saporin, an inhibitor of ribosomal assembly, can be coupledto antibodies via a disulfide bond between chemically insertedsulfhydryl groups. See Polito et al., Leukemia 18:1215-1222 (2004).

Some such antibodies can be linked to radioisotopes. Examples ofradioisotopes include, for example, yttrium90 (90Y), indium111 (111In),131I, 99mTc, radiosilver-111, radiosilver-199, and Bismuth213. Linkageof radioisotopes to antibodies may be performed with conventionalbifunctional chelates. For radiosilver-111 and radiosilver-199 linkage,sulfur-based linkers may be used. See Hazra et al., Cell Biophys.24-25:1-7 (1994). Linkage of silver radioisotopes may involve reducingthe immunoglobulin with ascorbic acid. For radioisotopes such as 111Inand 90Y, ibritumomab tiuxetan can be used and will react with suchisotopes to form 111In-ibritumomab tiuxetan and 90Y-ibritumomabtiuxetan, respectively. See Witzig, Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 48Suppl 1:S91-S95 (2001).

Some such antibodies can conjugated with toxic chemotherapeutic drugssuch as maytansine, geldanamycin, tubulin inhibitors such as tubulinbinding agents (e.g., auristatins), or minor groove binding agents suchas calicheamicin.

VI. Therapeutic Applications

Antibodies of the invention or pharmaceutical compositions incorporatingsuch antibodies can be used for treatment of various conditions. Forexample, such antibodies can be used in ablation of endogenoushematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in a subject in needthereof. Ablation of endogenous HSPCs is an initial step in stem cellreplacement therapy. Stem cell replacement therapy generally involvesreducing or eliminating endogenous HSPCs, which are defective in somerespect, and replacing them with replacement HSPCs. The replacementHSPCs can be autologous, allogenic or xenogenic. Endogenous HSPCs may bedefective as a result of hereditary mutation impairing function orexpression (e.g., sickle cell anemia or thalassemia), as a result of ahematologic cancer, or as a result of damage from chemotherapy used intreating a cancer. Endogenous HSPCs may also be replaced in conjunctionwith an organ transplant because the endogenous HSPCs would result inimmune attack of the transplant.

Antibodies against c-Kit can also be used in treatment of cancersexpressing c-Kit. Such cancers include hematological cancers, such asAML and solid tumors, such as mast cell cancer, testicular stromalcancer, gastrointestinal stromal cancer, melanoma, breast and lungcancer. Expression of c-Kit is preferably at a higher level than tissuematched normal control cells as determined by immunohistochemistryassay.

Antibodies are administered in an effective regime meaning a dosage,route of administration and frequency of administration that achievesthe intended purpose, such as reduction of endogenous HSPCs or of cancercells expressing c-Kit. In some instances, efficacy can be observed inan individual patient relative to historical controls or past experiencein the same patient. In other instances, efficacy can be demonstrated ina preclinical or clinical trial in a population of treated patientsrelative to a control population of untreated patients.

Exemplary dosages are at least 0.05 mg/k and up to 10 mg/kg e.g., about0.05-10 mg/kg, or 0.1 to 5 mg/kg or 5-750 mg as a fixed dosage. Thedosage depends on the condition of the patient and response to priortreatment, if any, whether the treatment is prophylactic or therapeuticand whether the disorder is acute or chronic, among other factors.

Administration can be parenteral, intravenous, oral, subcutaneous,intra-arterial, intracranial, intrathecal, intraperitoneal, topical,intranasal or intramuscular. Some antibodies can be administered intothe systemic circulation by intravenous or subcutaneous administration.Intravenous administration can be, for example, by infusion over aperiod such as 30-90 min.

The antibody can be administered once or multiple times. If multipletimes, the intervals can be e.g., daily, weekly, every two weeks, everymonth or every quarter.

VI. Pharmaceutical Compositions and Methods of Use

Pharmaceutical compositions incorporating an antibody of the inventionfor parenteral administration can be sterile and substantially isotonic(250-350 mOsm/kg water) and manufactured under GMP conditions.Pharmaceutical compositions can be provided in unit dose form (i.e., thedose for a single administration). Pharmaceutical compositions can beformulated using one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers,diluents, excipients or auxiliaries. The formulation depends on theroute of administration chosen. For injection, antibodies can beformulated in aqueous solutions, e.g., in physiologically compatiblebuffers such as Hank's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiologicalsaline or acetate buffer (to reduce discomfort at the site ofinjection). The solution can contain formulatory agents such assuspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Alternativelyantibodies can be in lyophilized form for constitution with a suitablevehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.

The regimes can be administered in combination with another agenteffective in treatment of the condition being treated (e.g.,chemotherapy agents or biologics for treatment of cancer).

After treatment, the treated subject's condition can be monitored forchanges responsive to treatment (e.g., reduced numbers of endogenousHSPCs) or reduced numbers of cancer cells expressing c-Kit.

VII. Other Uses

The antibodies of the invention can also be used for detecting c-Kit byimmuno assay, such as ELISA, Western blot, or immunohistochemistry. Suchtesting can be useful in determining whether a cancer expresses c-Kitmaking it amenable to treatment with the present methods. The antibodiescan also be used for enriched of HSPCs expressing c-Kit by affinitychromatography.

Examples

1. Materials and Methods

Antibody V cloning and sequencing. An anti-human c-kit hybridoma cellline was purchased from ATCC (HB-10716). The heavy (VH) and light chain(VL) variable regions were cloned and sequenced by Genscript.

Antibody humanization and CDR substitutions. Humanization of HB-10716was performed by installing CDR residues from mouse antibodies ontohuman germline frameworks (FRs). Briefly, mouse VH was humanized byjudicious recruitment of corresponding CDR residues and a few framework(FR) residues into human IGHV1-46*01 or IGHV3-23*01. Mouse VL washumanized by judicious recruitment of corresponding CDR residues and afew framework (FR) residues into human IGKV4-1*01 or IGKV2-28*01.Differences between mouse and the human FR residues were individuallymodeled to investigate their possible influence on CDR conformation. Inorder to further humanize the antibody and to increase the bindingaffinity of the humanized antibodies, residues in CDRs were selected andmutated to the corresponding CDR residues of human germline sequences.

Cell transfection. 293F cells were cultured under FreeStyle™ 293Expression Medium (Invitrogen). Transient transfection was performed byco-transfection of expression vectors encoding antibody heavy chain andlight chain using 293fectin transfection reagent (Invitrogen), accordingto the manufacturer's instructions. Four to five days later,supernatants from the transfected cells were harvested and tested forantibody secretion by ELISA. Briefly, 96-well plates (Nunc, Roskilde,Denmark) were coated with 1 ug/ml goat anti-human Fc gamma antibody inphosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 16 hr at 4° C. After blocking for 1hr with 0.4% BSA in PBS at room temperature, isolated supernatants wereadded in 1/3 sequential dilutions, and incubated for 1 hr at roomtemperature. Plates were subsequently washed three times and incubatedwith HRP-conjugated goat anti-human kappa-specific antibody for 1 hr atroom temperature. After washing, plates were developed with TMB. Thereaction was stopped with 2M H2SO4, and OD was measured at 450 nM.

Antibody purification and characterization. The culture supernatant wasapplied to protein A SEPHAROSE™ columns (GE Healthcare). The column waswashed with PBS, and protein was then eluted with eluting buffer (0.1 Msodium citrate buffer, pH 3.0). Collected fractions were neutralizedwith 1 M Tris pH 9.0. Finally, purified samples were dialyzed againstPBS. Purity of the eluted antibody fraction was analyzed by sodiumdodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) on 10%gels under reducing or non-reducing conditions. Bands were visualized byCoomassie brilliant blue staining.

Antigen binding activity measurement by ELISA. 96-well plates (Nunc,Roskilde, Denmark) were coated with 1 ug/ml human c-Kit-Fc fusionprotein in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 16 hr at 4° C. Afterblocking for 1 hr with 0.4% BSA in PBS at room temperature, anti-c-Kitantibodies were added in 1/3 sequential dilutions, and incubated for 1hr at room temperature. Plates were subsequently washed three times andincubated with HRP-conjugated goat anti-human kappa-specific antibodyfor 1 hr at room temperature. After washing, plates were developed withTMB. The reaction was stopped with 2M H2504, and OD was measured at 450nM.

In vitro phagocytosis assay. MHC-1 cancer cells were washed and counted,then 25 μL containing 1×10⁵ cells in serum-free IMDM were added to eachwell. Antibody treatment (in 25 μL) with a final concentration of 10μg/mL was added to the wells and incubated at 37° C. for 30 minutes. At30 minutes, Macrophages that had previously been harvested with TrypLEwere counted and plated with 5×10⁴ cells in 50 μL of serum-free IMDM.Plates were incubated at 37° C. for 2 hours (Effector: Target=1:2).Phagocytosis percentage was calculated by Flow Cytometry analysislooking for GFP+ Macrophages.

ADCC assay. Natural killer cells were isolated from human PBMC usingEASYSEP™ human CD56 positive selection kit from Stemcell Technologies(Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, catalog #17855). Isolated cellswere cultured overnight in RPMI 1640 medium supplement with 10% FBS and100 U/mL recombinant human IL-2 (PeproTech, Rocky Hill, N.J., catalog#200-02). GIST-T1 cells were labeled with 5 μM Calcein-AM (Thermo FisherScientific, Waltham, Mass., catalog #C3100MP) for 10 minutes at 37° C.,then washed twice. Anti-c-Kit or isotype control antibody were seriallydiluted 10-fold from 0.0003 to 30 ug/mL and transferred to a V-bottomassay plate. Labeled GIST-T1 cells were added to the assay platefollowed by activated natural killer cells for a final of 1:5 target toeffector ratio. After 2 hours incubation, supernatant was collected andtransferred to a clean flat bottom plate. Plate were read on SPECTRAMAX®M3 fluorescence plate reader with 490 nm excitation, 520 nm emission,and cutoff of 515 nm, with SoftMax Pro 7.0 software. Percent specificlysis was calculated based on relative fluorescence unit (RFU) with thefollowing formula: [(test RFU−mean background RFU)/(mean maximalRFU−mean background RFU)]×100, where background is effector cells+targetcells with no antibody, and maximal lysis is effector cells+target cellswith lysis buffer. Data were analysis with GraphPad Prism 7.05. Percentspecific antibody dependent lysis was plotted against antibodyconcentration.

HSPC proliferation assay. Frozen cord blood CD34+ stem/progenitor cells(ALLCELLS Catalog #CB005F) were resuspended in HSC retention media,STEMSPAN™ SFEMII (STEMCELL technologies Catalog #09605) supplementedwith 20 ng/ml of human recombinant SCF (STEMCELL technologiesCat#78062), 20 ng/ml of Recombinant Human Flt3-Ligand (Peprotech Catalog#300-19) and 20 ng/ml of Recombinant Human TPO (Peprotech Catalog#300-18). About 3000 stem cells were plated per well on three COSTARUltra low cluster 96-well plates (Corning Catalog #7007). The plateswere centrifuged at 1250 rpm at 4° C. for 5 minutes and cellsresuspended in 200 ul of HSC retention media with or without theanti-c-Kit antibodies in triplicates. Four anti-c-Kit antibodies,AMG191, AMG191-G1, HF12 and HF112 were tested at concentrations of 0.1,1, 10 and 50 ug/ml. Cell proliferation was tested using COUNTBRIGHT™absolute Counting beads (Invitrogen™ Catalog # C36950) on day 1, 3, 5,and 11. AMG191 has an N to E mutation of position 297 renderingunglycosylated reducing effector function. AMG191-G1 or -IgG1 has awildtype human IgG1 constant region.

2. Results

(a) Anti-c-Kit Hybridoma Variable Region Cloning and Sequencing

An anti-human c-Kit hybridoma cell line was purchased from ATCC(HB-10716). The specificity of the hybridoma clone HB-10716 was examinedby ELISA binding to human c-Kit. Heavy and light chain variable regionsof HB-10716 were cloned from the hybridoma using universal antibodyprimers. Multiple clones of each V gene product were sequenced tomonitor PCR-induced errors. The nucleotide sequences of VH and VL ofHB-10716 were determined, and the deduced amino acid sequences are shownin FIGS. 1A and B, respectively.

(b) Antibody Humanization and CDR Substitutions

To select human antibody frameworks (FRs) to be used as templates forCDR-grafting, the mouse HB-10716 VL and VH regions were compared withthose of human germline sequences. The FRs of mouse HB-10716 VL regionwere found to have higher homology with IGKV4-1 subgroup, and the FRs ofthe VH region exhibited higher homology with human IGHV1-46 subgroup.The FRs from human IGKV4-1 and IGHV1-46 were therefore used as the basesfor designing the humanized HB-10716. Amino acid positions in the FRregions that differ between HB-10716 and IGKV4-1/IGHV1-46 sequences andthat may have influence in antigen binding were identified throughmolecular modeling. Identical residues in the FRs were retained andnon-identical residues were either retained or substituted based on themolecular modeling program. Furthermore, residues in the CDR regions ofVH and VL were identified via molecular modeling. CDR substitutions weredone by site-directed mutagenesis.

Table 2 summaries the new humanized antibodies that were made and theirheavy and light chain mature variable region components. In brief,antibodies designated AF have the same variable region frameworks asAMG191. Antibodies designated NF have different variable regionframeworks than AMG191. Antibodies designated HF have the same heavychain variable region framework as AMG191 and a different light chainvariable region framework. The numbers 2-1, 11, 12, 112 and 3 indicatepresence of CDR substitutions at positions H54/L30, H60/L30, H64/L30,H60/H64/L30, H95/L30 respectively.

TABLE 2 Humanized Antibodies VH VL AF-2-1 AH1 AL2 AF11 AH2 AL2 AF12 AH3AL2 AF112 AH4 AL2 AF-3 AH5 AL2 AF-1-1 AH4 AL1 NF NH NL NF-2-1 NH1 NL2NF11 NH2 NL2 NF12 NH3 NL2 NF112 NH4 NL2 NF-3 NH5 NL2 HF11 AH3 NL2 HF12AH2 NL2 HF112 AH4 NL2

CDR substitutions at H60, H64, and L30 increased the binding eitheralone or through combination (AF11, AF12, and AF112, Table 2, FIGS.2A-C). Most importantly, residues at H60 and H64 were mutated back tothe human germline sequences, increasing the humanness of the humanizedanti-c-Kit antibodies of AF11, AF12, and AF112. Moreover, a single aminoacid CDR substitution at H54, H95, or L27 (Table 2, FIGS. 2A-B) impairedthe binding of the humanized anti-c-Kit antibodies of AF-2-1, AF-3, andAF-1-1 (FIG. 2D).

An anti-c-Kit humanized antibody, NF, was made by CDR-grafting usingdifferent human germline sequences of IGHV3-23*01 and IGKV2-28*01 as theframeworks (Table 2, FIG. 3A-B). Antibody NF showed increased bindingactivity as compared to AMG191 (FIG. 3C). Then, the same CDRsubstitutions at H54, H60, H64, H95, L27, and L30 were applied to NF(Table 2, FIG. 3A-B). CDR substitutions at H60, H64, and L30 not onlyworked with antibodies having IGKV4-1/IGHV1-46 frameworks but alsoworked with antibodies having IGHV3-23*01/IGKV2-28*01 frameworks. CDRsubstitutions at H60, H64, and L30 either alone or in combinationincreased or retained the binding activity of NF11, NF12, and NF112(FIG. 3D).

Humanized HF11, HF12, and HF112 were constructed by combining differentVHs and VLs as shown in Table 2, and they all showed increased bindingactivities, as compared to AMG191 (FIG. 4).

(c) Humanized Anti-c-Kit Antibodies Promote Macrophage-MediatedPhagocytosis

We next investigated the ability of humanized anti-c-Kit antibodies toenable the phagocytosis of human cancer cells by human peripheralblood-derived macrophages. As AMG191 has a silenced Fc, we madeAMG191-G1 which has the same sequences as AMG191, except that AMG191-G1has an active human IgG1 Fc constant region. AMG191 did not inducephagocytosis as compared to the PBS control; however, AMG191-G1 inducedhigher phagocytic activity as expected because it has an active humanIgG1 scaffold (FIG. 5). AMG191-G1 induced similar levels of phagocyticactivity at 0.1, 1, and 10 ug/ml. In contrast to AMG191-G1, humanizedAF12, AF112, HF12, HF112, and NF112 were more potent at lowerconcentration and induced higher phagocytic activity than that ofAMG191-G1 at 0.1, 1, or even at 10 ug/ml, suggesting lower therapeuticdoses required for humanized AF12, AF112, HF12, HF112, and NF112 (FIG.5). The data show that while AMG191-G1, AF12, AF112, HF12, HF112, andNF112 are all human IgG1 formatted antibodies, AF12, AF112, HF12, HF112,and NF112 are more potent. It is possibly due to the higher bindingaffinities of AF12, AF112, HF12, HF112, and NF112 attributed fromframeworks and/or CDR substitutions.

(d) Humanized Anti-c-Kit Antibodies Induce Potent ADCC

The ability of humanized anti-c-Kit antibody to induce ADCC activity wastested against GIST cells. AMG191 did not induce ADCC at any of theconcentrations tested. HF12 and HF112 mediated ADCC in a dose-dependentmanner (FIG. 6).

(e) Humanized Anti-c-Kit Antibodies Inhibit HematopoieticStem/Progenitor Cells (HSPC) Proliferation

Mature hematopoietic cells develop from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)through a hierarchically organized process that produces increasinglylineage-restricted cells with decreasing self-renewing capacity. Thecell surface protein tyrosine kinase c-Kit, which interacts with itscognate ligand, stem cell factor (SCF), to regulate HSC self-renewal. Byblocking c-Kit interaction with SCF, we tested if humanized anti-c-Kitantibodies can inhibit HSPC proliferation. As shown in FIG. 7, SCFinduced HSPC proliferation in the absence of any antibody treatment.However, AMG191, AMG191-G1, HF12, and HF112 inhibited HSPC proliferation(FIG. 7). Moreover, HF12 and HF112 are more potent in inhibiting HSPCproliferation than those of AMG191 and AMG191-G1 (FIG. 7). It ispossibly due to the higher binding affinities of HF12 and HF112attributed from frameworks and/or CDR substitutions.

(f) Humanized Anti-c-Kit does not Induce Significant Mast CellDegranulation

cKIT is expressed on hematopoietic stem cells and mature mast cells.Mast cells are derived from CD34+ haematopoietic progenitors in the bonemarrow. Upon migration to various peripheral tissues, these progenitorcells differentiate into mature mast cells that express cKIT along withhigh affinity IgE receptor, FcERI. Binding of antigen to an IgE primedFcERI on mast cells triggers degranulation and releasing chemicalmediators such as histamine and tryptase along with cytokines,leukotrienes and proteases. The release of chemical mediators causes theclassic symptoms of allergy. In clinical use, it is desirable that ananti-cKIT antibody reduce hematopoietic stem cells without inducing mastcell degranulation.

Phenotyped mature mast cells (CD34−, FcεRIα+, cKIT+) differentiated formperipheral whole blood of a healthy human donor were incubated withdifferent concentrations of HF12 and HF12 humanized anti-c-Kitantibodies (10, 1, 0.1 & 0.01 μg/ml) for 7 hrs. A23187 (10 μM) and IgE,plus anti-IgE (10 ug/ml each) were used as positive controls.Degranulation was quantified by measuring the release ofβ-hexosaminidase using absorbance method as described in the methods.

Human primary mast cells were differentiated in vitro and exhibited theCD34-, FcεRIα+, and cKIT+phenotype at the end of week 9, which wasconsistent with the phenotypical characteristics of mature mast cells.The cells were then stimulated with calcium ionophore A23187 or IgE incombination with anti-IgE. A23187 and IgE+anti-IgE effectively inducedmast cell degranulation as measured by the release of β-hexosaminidase.

Direct treatment of the cells with anti-c-Kit antibodies orcross-linking of anti-c-Kit antibodies by an anti-IgG antibody did notinduce significant mast cell degranulation as compared to those ofA23187 and anti-IgE treatment (FIG. 8). Immobilization of anti-c-Kitantibodies on a plate also had little effect on mast cell degranulation.Co-incubation of mast cells and NK cells in the presence of variousconcentrations of anti-c-Kit antibodies also did not induce mast celldegranulation at all concentrations tested.

In conclusion, anti-c-Kit antibodies HF12 and HF112 had little effect ondegranulation of primary human mast cells in vitro, as compared to thoseof calcium ionophore A23187 or IgE in combination with anti-IgEtreatment.

All patent filings, websites, other publications, accession numbers andthe like cited above or below are incorporated by reference in theirentirety for all purposes to the same extent as if each individual itemwere specifically and individually indicated to be so incorporated byreference. If different versions of a sequence are associated with anaccession number at different times, the version associated with theaccession number at the effective filing date of this application ismeant. The effective filing date means the earlier of the actual filingdate or filing date of a priority application referring to the accessionnumber if applicable. Likewise if different versions of a publication,website or the like are published at different times, the version mostrecently published at the effective filing date of the application ismeant unless otherwise indicated. Any feature, step, element,embodiment, or aspect of the disclosure can be used in combination withany other unless specifically indicated otherwise. Although the presentdisclosure has been described in some detail by way of illustration andexample for purposes of clarity and understanding, it will be apparentthat certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scopeof the appended claims.

1. An antibody specifically binding to human c-Kit comprising a matureheavy variable region comprising CDRs H1, H2 and H3 as defined by Kabatof SEQ ID NOS:14-16 respectively, and a mature light chain variableregion comprising CDRs L1, L2 and L3 as defined by Kabat of SEQ IDNOS:36-38 respectively. 2-3. (canceled)
 4. The antibody of claim 1,wherein the mature heavy chain variable region shows at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:13 and the mature light chain variableregion shows at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:53, wherein anyvariation from SEQ ID NOS:13 and 53 is outside the CDRs as defined byKabat.
 5. The antibody of claim 4, wherein heavy chain position 1 byKabat numbering is E.
 6. The antibody of claim 4, wherein the followingpositions of the mature light chain variable region according to Kabatnumbering are occupied by amino acids as follows: Position 9 occupied byL; Position 12 occupied by P; Position 14 occupied by T; Position 15occupied by P; Position 18 occupied by P; Position 20 occupied by S;Position 22 occupied by S; Position 37 occupied by L; Position 43occupied by S; Position 45 occupied by Q; Position 74 occupied by K;Position 77 occupied by V; Position 78 occupied by V; Position 79occupied by E; and Position 84 occupied by G.
 7. The antibody of claim1, wherein the mature heavy chain variable region has the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:13 except that position 1 can be E, and the maturelight chain variable region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:53.8. The antibody of claim 1, wherein the mature heavy chain variableregion is linked to a heavy chain constant region and the mature lightchain variable region is linked to a mature light chain constant region.9. The antibody of claim 8, wherein the heavy chain constant region ishuman IgG1.
 10. The antibody of claim 1 having enhanced binding to humanc-Kit relative to AMG191.
 11. The antibody of claim 1 having enhancedADCP relative to AMG191-IgG1.
 12. The antibody of claim 1 havingenhanced ADCC relative to AMG191-IgG1.
 13. A pharmaceutical compositioncomprising the antibody of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier. 14-15. (canceled)
 16. The antibody of claim 1, wherein themature heavy chain variable region shows at least 98% sequence identityto SEQ ID NO:13 and the mature light chain variable region shows atleast 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:53, wherein any variation fromSEQ ID NOS:13 and 53 is outside the CDRs as defined by Kabat.
 17. Theantibody of claim 1, wherein the mature heavy chain variable regionshows at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:13 and the maturelight chain variable region shows at least 99% sequence identity to SEQID NO:53, wherein any variation from SEQ ID NOS:13 and 53 is outside theCDRs as defined by Kabat.
 18. The antibody of claim 7, wherein themature heavy chain variable region is linked to a heavy chain constantregion and the mature light chain variable region is linked to a maturelight chain constant region.
 19. The antibody of claim 18, wherein theheavy chain constant region is human IgG1.
 20. A pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising the an antibody of claim 7 and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier.
 21. An antibody specifically binding to human c-Kitcomprising a mature heavy chain variable region having the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:13 and a mature light chain variable region havingthe amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:53, wherein the mature heavy chainvariable region is linked to a heavy chain constant region of human IgG1isotype and the mature light chain variable region is linked to a maturelight chain constant region.
 22. The antibody of claim 21 expressed froma CHO cell.
 23. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the an antibodyof claim 21 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.